Mutations of the pik3ca gene in human cancers

ABSTRACT

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are known to be important regulators of signaling pathways. To determine whether PI3Ks are genetically altered in cancers, we analyzed the sequences of the PI3K gene family and discovered that one family member, PIK3CA, is frequently mutated in cancers of the colon and other organs. The majority of mutations clustered near two positions within the PI3K helical or kinase domains. PIK3CA represents one of the most highly mutated oncogenes yet identified in human cancers and is useful as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.

This application was made using funds provided by the United States government under grant nos. NIH-CA 62924 and NIH-CA 43460. The United States government therefore retains certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the fields of diagnostic tests and therapeutic methods for cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

PI3Ks are lipid kinases that function as signal transducers downstream of cell surface receptors and mediate pathways important for cell growth, proliferation, adhesion, survival and motility (1, 2). Although increased PI3K activity has been observed in many colorectal and other tumors (3, 4), no intragenic mutations of PI3K have been identified.

Members of the PIK3 pathway have been previously reported to be altered in cancers, for example, the PTEN tumor suppressor gene (15, 16), whose function is to reverse the phosphorylation mediated by PI3Ks (17, 18). Reduplication or amplification of the chromosomal regions containing PIK3CA and AKT2 has been reported in some human cancers (2, 19, 20), but the genes that are the targets of such large-scale genetic events have not been and cannot easily be defined.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first embodiment a method is provided for assessing cancer in a human tissue suspected of being cancerous of a patient. A non-synonymous, intragenic mutation in a PIK3CA coding sequence is detected in a body sample of a human suspected of having a cancer. The human is identified as likely to have a cancer if a non-synonymous, intragenic mutation in PIK3CA coding sequence is determined in the body sample.

In a second embodiment of the invention a method is provided for inhibiting progression of a tumor in a human. An antisense oligonucleotide or antisense construct is administered to a tumor. The antisense oligonucleotide or RNA transcribed from the antisense construct is complementary to mRNA transcribed from PIK3CA. The amount of p110α protein expressed by the tumor is thereby reduced.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of inhibiting progression of a tumor in a human. siRNA comprising 19 to 21 bp duplexes of a human PIK3CA mRNA with 2 nt 3′ overhangs are administered to the human. One strand of the duplex comprises a contiguous sequence selected from mRNA transcribed from PIK3CA (SEQ ID NO: 2). The amount of p110α protein expressed by the tumor is thereby reduced.

According to another aspect of the invention a method is provided for inhibiting progression of a tumor. A molecule comprising an antibody binding region is administered to a tumor. The antibody binding region specifically binds to PIK3CA (SEQ ID NO: 3).

Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of identifying candidate chemotherapeutic agents. A wild-type or activated mutant p110α (SEQ ID NO: 3) is contacted with a test compound. p110α activity is then measured. A test compound is identified as a candidate chemotherapeutic agent if it inhibits p110α activity.

Still another embodiment of the invention is a method for delivering an appropriate chemotherapeutic drug to a patient in need thereof. A non-synonymous, intragenic mutation in a PIK3CA coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) is determined in a test tissue of a patient. A p110α inhibitor is administered to the patient.

An additional aspect of the invention provides a set of one or more primers for amplifying and/or sequencing PIK3CA. The primers are selected from the group consisting of forward primers, reverse primers and sequencing primers. The forward primers are selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 6 to 158; the reverse primers are selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 159 to 310; and the sequencing primers are selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 311 to 461.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Detection of mutations in of PIK3CA. Representative examples of mutations in exons 9 and 20. In each case, the top sequence chromatogram was obtained from normal tissue and the three lower sequence chromatograms from the indicated tumors. Arrows indicate the location of missense mutations. The nucleotide and amino acid alterations are indicated above the arrow.

FIG. 2. Distribution of mutations in PIK3CA. Arrows indicate the location of missense mutations, and boxes represent functional domains (p85BD, p85 binding domain; RBD, Ras binding domain; C2 domain; Helical domain; Kinase domain). The percentage of mutations detected within each region in cancers is indicated below.

FIGS. 3A-3C. Increased lipid kinase activity of mutant p110α. NIH3T3 cells were transfected with empty vector or with vector constructs containing either wild-type p110α or mutant p110α (H1047R) as indicated above the lanes. Immunoprecipitations were performed either with control IgG or anti-p85 polyclonal antibodies. (FIG. 3A) Half of the immunoprecipitates were subjected to a PI3-kinase assay using phosphatidylinositol as a substrate. “PI3P” indicates the position of PI-3-phosphate determined with standard phosphatidyl markers and “Ori” indicates the origin. (FIG. 3B) The other half of the immunoprecipitates was analyzed by western blotting with anti-p110α antibody. (FIG. 3C) Cell lysates from transfected cells contained similar amounts of total protein as determined by western blotting using an anti-α-tubulin antibody. Identical results to those shown in this figure were observed in three independent transfection experiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The clustering of mutations within PIK3CA make it an excellent marker for early detection or for following disease progression. Testing focused in the clustered regions will yield most of the mutant alleles.

The human PIK3CA coding sequence is reported in the literature and is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. This is the sequence of one particular individual in the population of humans. Humans vary from one to another in their gene sequences. These variations are very minimal, sometimes occurring at a frequency of about 1 to 10 nucleotides per gene. Different forms of any particular gene exist within the human population. These different forms are called allelic variants. Allelic variants often do not change the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein; such variants are termed synonymous. Even if they do change the encoded amino acid (non-synonymous), the function of the protein is not typically affected. Such changes are evolutionarily or functionally neutral. When human PIK3CA is referred to in the present application all allelic variants are intended to be encompassed by the term. The sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is provided merely as a representative example of a wild-type human sequence. The invention is not limited to this single allelic form of PIK3CA. For purposes of determining a mutation, PIK3CA sequences determined in a test sample can be compared to a sequence determined in a different tissue of the human. A difference in the sequence in the two tissues indicates a somatic mutation. Alternatively, the sequence determined in a PIK3CA gene in a test sample can be compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. A difference between the test sample sequence and SEQ ID NO: 1 can be identified as a mutation. Tissues suspected of being cancerous can be tested, as can body samples that may be expected to contain sloughed-off cells from tumors or cells of cancers. Suitable body samples for testing include blood, serum, plasma, sputum, urine, stool, nipple aspirate, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Mutations in PIK3CA cluster in exons 9 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and 20 (SEQ ID NO: 5). Other mutations occur, but these two exons appear to be the hotspots for mutations. Many mutations occur in PIK3CA's helical domain (nt 1567-2124 of SEQ ID NO: 2) and in its kinase domain (nt 2095-3096 of SEQ ID NO: 2). Fewer occur in PIK3CA's P85BD domain (nt 103-335 of SEQ ID NO: 2). Mutations have been found in exons 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 18, and 20. Any combination of these exons can be tested, optionally in conjunction with testing other exons. Testing for mutations can be done along the whole coding sequence or can be focused in the areas where mutations have been found to cluster. Particular hotspots of mutations occur at nucleotide positions 1624, 1633, 1636, and 3140 of PIK3CA coding sequence.

PIK3CA mutations have been found in a variety of different types of tumors. Thus any of a variety of tumors can be tested for PIK3CA mutations. These tissues include, without limitation: colorectal tissue, brain tissue, gastric tissue, breast tissue, and lung tissue.

Any type of intragenic mutation can be detected. These include substitution mutations, deletion mutations, and insertion mutations. The size of the mutations is likely to be small, on the order of from 1 to 3 nucleotides. Mutations which can be detected include, but are not limited to G1624A, G1633A, C1636A, A3140G, G113A, T1258C, G3129T, C3139T, and G2702T. Any combination of these mutations can be tested.

The mutations that are found in PIK3CA appear to be activating mutations. Thus therapeutic regimens involving inhibition of p110α activity or expression can be used to inhibit progression of a tumor in a human. Inhibitory molecules which can be used include antisense oligonucleotides or antisense constructs, a molecule comprising an antibody binding region, and siRNA molecules. Molecules comprising an antibody binding region can be full antibodies, single chain variable regions, antibody fragments, antibody conjugates, etc. The antibody binding regions may but need not bind to epitopes contained within the kinase domain (nt 2095-3096 of SEQ ID NO: 2) of PIK3CA, the helical domain (nt 1567-2124 of SEQ ID NO: 2) of PIK3CA, or the P85BD domain (nt 103-335 of SEQ ID NO: 2) of PIK3CA.

Antisense constructs, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference constructs or siRNA duplex RNA molecules can be used to interfere with expression of PIK3CA. Typically at least 15, 17, 19, or 21 nucleotides of the complement of PIK3CA mRNA sequence are sufficient for an antisense molecule. Typically at least 19, 21, 22, or 23 nucleotides of PIK3CA are sufficient for an RNA interference molecule. Preferably an RNA interference molecule will have a 2 nucleotide 3′ overhang. If the RNA interference molecule is expressed in a cell from a construct, for example from a hairpin molecule or from an inverted repeat of the desired PIK3CA sequence, then the endogenous cellular machinery will create the overhangs. siRNA molecules can be prepared by chemical synthesis, in vitro transcription, or digestion of long dsRNA by Rnase III or Dicer. These can be introduced into cells by transfection, electroporation, or other methods known in the art. See Hannon, G J, 2002, RNA Interference, Nature 418: 244-251; Bernstein E et al., 2002, The rest is silence. RNA 7: 1509-1521; Hutvagner G et al., RNAi: Nature abhors a double-strand. Curr. Opin. Genetics & Development 12: 225-232; Brummelkamp, 2002, A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells. Science 296: 550-553; Lee N S, Dohjima T, Bauer G, Li H, Li M-J, Ehsani A, Salvaterra P, and Rossi J. (2002). Expression of small interfering RNAs targeted against HIV-1 rev transcripts in human cells. Nature Biotechnol. 20:500-505; Miyagishi M, and Taira K. (2002). U6-promoter-driven siRNAs with four uridine 3′ overhangs efficiently suppress targeted gene expression in mammalian cells. Nature Biotechnol. 20:497-500; Paddison P J, Caudy A A, Bernstein E, Hannon G J, and Conklin D S. (2002). Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells. Genes & Dev. 16:948-958; Paul C P, Good P D, Winer I, and Engelke D R. (2002). Effective expression of small interfering RNA in human cells. Nature Biotechnol. 20:505-508; Sui G, Soohoo C, Affar E-B, Gay F, Shi Y, Forrester W C, and Shi Y. (2002). A DNA vector-based RNAi technology to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(6):5515-5520; Yu J-Y, DeRuiter S L, and Turner D L. (2002). RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99(9):6047-6052.

Antisense or RNA interference molecules can be delivered in vitro to cells or in vivo, e.g., to tumors of a mammal. Typical delivery means known in the art can be used. For example, delivery to a tumor can be accomplished by intratumoral injections. Other modes of delivery can be used without limitation, including: intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, local delivery during surgery, endoscopic, subcutaneous, and per os. In a mouse model, the antisense or RNA interference can be adminstered to a tumor cell in vitro, and the tumor cell can be subsequently administered to a mouse. Vectors can be selected for desirable properties for any particular application. Vectors can be viral or plasmid. Adenoviral vectors are useful in this regard. Tissue-specific, cell-type specific, or otherwise regulatable promoters can be used to control the transcription of the inhibitory polynucleotide molecules. Non-viral carriers such as liposomes or nanospheres can also be used.

Using the p110α protein according to the invention, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily generate antibodies which specifically bind to the proteins. Such antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal. They can be chimeric, humanized, or totally human. Any functional fragment or derivative of an antibody can be used including Fab, Fab′, Fab2, Fab′2, and single chain variable regions. So long as the fragment or derivative retains specificity of binding for the endothelial marker protein it can be used. Antibodies can be tested for specificity of binding by comparing binding to appropriate antigen to binding to irrelevant antigen or antigen mixture under a given set of conditions. If the antibody binds to the appropriate antigen at least 2, 5, 7, and preferably 10 times more than to irrelevant antigen or antigen mixture then it is considered to be specific.

Techniques for making such partially to fully human antibodies are known in the art and any such techniques can be used. According to one particularly preferred embodiment, fully human antibody sequences are made in a transgenic mouse which has been engineered to express human heavy and light chain antibody genes. Multiple strains of such transgenic mice have been made which can produce different classes of antibodies. B cells from transgenic mice which are producing a desirable antibody can be fused to make hybridoma cell lines for continuous production of the desired antibody. See for example, Nina D. Russel, Jose R. F. Corvalan, Michael L. Gallo, C. Geoffrey Davis, Liise-Anne Pirofski. Production of Protective Human Antipneumococcal Antibodies by Transgenic Mice with Human Immunoglobulin Loci Infection and Immunity April 2000, p. 1820-1826; Michael L. Gallo, Vladimir E. Ivanov, Aya Jakobovits, and C. Geoffrey Davis. The human immunoglobulin loci introduced into mice: V (D) and J gene segment usage similar to that of adult humans European Journal of Immunology 30: 534-540, 2000; Larry L. Green. Antibody engineering via genetic engineering of the mouse: XenoMouse strains are a vehicle for the facile generation of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies Journal of Immunological Methods 231 11-23, 1999; Yang X-D, Corvalan J R F, Wang P, Roy C M-N and Davis C G. Fully Human Anti-interleukin-8 Monoclonal Antibodies: Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disease States. Journal of Leukocyte Biology Vol. 66, pp 401-410 (1999); Yang X-D, Jia X-C, Corvalan J R F, Wang P, C G Davis and Jakobovits A. Eradication of Established Tumors by a Fully Human Monoclonal Antibody to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor without Concomitant Chemotherapy. Cancer Research Vol. 59, Number 6, pp 1236-1243 (1999); Jakobovits A. Production and selection of antigen-specific fully human monoclonal antibodies from mice engineered with human Ig loci. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Vol. 31, pp: 33-42 (1998); Green L and Jakobovits A. Regulation of B cell development by variable gene complexity in mice reconstituted with human immunoglobulin yeast artificial chromosomes. J. Exp. Med. Vol. 188, Number 3, pp: 483-495 (1998); Jakobovits A. The long-awaited magic bullets: therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies from transgenic mice. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs Vol. 7(4), pp: 607-614 (1998); Tsuda H, Maynard-Currie K, Reid L, Yoshida T, Edamura K, Maeda N, Smithies O, Jakobovits A. Inactivation of Mouse HPRT locus by a 203-bp retrotransposon insertion and a 55-kb gene-targeted deletion: establishment of new HPRT-Deficient mouse embryonic stem cell lines. Genomics Vol. 42, pp: 413-421 (1997); Sherman-Gold, R. Monoclonal Antibodies: The Evolution from '80s Magic Bullets To Mature, Mainstream Applications as Clinical Therapeutics. Genetic Engineering News Vol. 17, Number 14 (August 1997); Mendez M, Green L, Corvalan J, Jia X-C, Maynard-Currie C, Yang X-d, Gallo M, Louie D, Lee D, Erickson K, Luna J, Roy C, Abderrahim H, Kirschenbaum F, Noguchi M, Smith D, Fukushima A, Hales J, Finer M, Davis C, Zsebo K, Jakobovits A. Functional transplant of megabase human immunoglobulin loci recapitulates human antibody response in mice. Nature Genetics Vol. 15, pp: 146-156 (1997); Jakobovits A. Mice engineered with human immunoglobulin YACs: A new technology for production of fully human antibodies for autoimmunity therapy. Weir's Handbook of Experimental Immunology, The Integrated Immune System Vol. IV, pp: 194.1-194.7 (1996); Jakobovits A. Production of fully human antibodies by transgenic mice. Current Opinion in Biotechnology Vol. 6, No. 5, pp: 561-566 (1995); Mendez M, Abderrahim H, Noguchi M, David N, Hardy M, Green L, Tsuda H, Yoast S, Maynard-Currie C, Garza D, Gemmill R, Jakobovits A, Klapholz S. Analysis of the structural integrity of YACs comprising human immunoglobulin genes in yeast and in embryonic stem cells. Genomics Vol. 26, pp: 294-307 (1995); Jakobovits A. YAC Vectors: Humanizing the mouse genome. Current Biology Vol. 4, No. 8, pp: 761-763 (1994); Arbones M, Ord D, Ley K, Ratech H, Maynard-Curry K, Otten G, Capon D, Tedder T. Lymphocyte homing and leukocyte rolling and migration are impaired in L-selectin-deficient mice. Immunity Vol. 1, No. 4, pp: 247-260 (1994); Green L, Hardy M, Maynard-Curry K, Tsuda H, Louie D, Mendez M, Abderrahim H, Noguchi M, Smith D, Zeng Y, et. al. Antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies from mice engineered with human Ig heavy and light chain YACs. Nature Genetics Vol. 7, No. 1, pp: 13-21 (1994); Jakobovits A, Moore A, Green L, Vergara G, Maynard-Curry K, Austin H, Klapholz S. Germ-line transmission and expression of a human-derived yeast artificial chromosome. Nature Vol. 362, No. 6417, pp: 255-258 (1993); Jakobovits A, Vergara G, Kennedy J, Hales J, McGuinness R, Casentini-Borocz D, Brenner D, Otten G. Analysis of homozygous mutant chimeric mice: deletion of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain joining region blocks B-cell development and antibody production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA Vol. 90, No. 6, pp: 2551-2555 (1993); Kucherlapati et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,1075,181.

Antibodies can also be made using phage display techniques. Such techniques can be used to isolate an initial antibody or to generate variants with altered specificity or avidity characteristics. Single chain Fv can also be used as is convenient. They can be made from vaccinated transgenic mice, if desired. Antibodies can be produced in cell culture, in phage, or in various animals, including but not limited to cows, rabbits, goats, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, sheep, dogs, cats, monkeys, chimpanzees, apes.

Antibodies can be labeled with a detectable moiety such as a radioactive atom, a chromophore, a fluorophore, or the like. Such labeled antibodies can be used for diagnostic techniques, either in vivo, or in an isolated test sample. Antibodies can also be conjugated, for example, to a pharmaceutical agent, such as chemotherapeutic drug or a toxin. They can be linked to a cytokine, to a ligand, to another antibody. Suitable agents for coupling to antibodies to achieve an anti-tumor effect include cytokines, such as interleukin 2 (IL-2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF); photosensitizers, for use in photodynamic therapy, including aluminum (III) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate, hematoporphyrin, and phthalocyanine; radionuclides, such as iodine-131 (¹³¹I) yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y), bismuth-212 (²¹²Bi), bismuth-213 (²¹³Bi), technetium-99m (^(99m)Tc), rhenium-186(¹⁸⁶Re), and rhenium-188 (¹⁸⁸Re); antibiotics, such as doxorubicin, adriamycin, daunorubicin, methotrexate, daunomycin, neocarzinostatin, and carboplatin; bacterial, plant, and other toxins, such as diphtheria toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin A, staphylococcal enterotoxin A, abrin-A toxin, ricin A (deglycosylated ricin A and native ricin A), TGF-alpha toxin, cytotoxin from chinese cobra (naja naja atra), and gelonin (a plant toxin); ribosome inactivating proteins from plants, bacteria and fungi, such as restrictocin (a ribosome inactivating protein produced by Aspergillus restrictus), saporin (a ribosome inactivating protein from Saponaria officinalis), and RNase; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; ly207702 (a difluorinated purine nucleoside); liposomes containing antitumor agents (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, plasmids which encode for toxins, methotrexate, etc.); and other antibodies or antibody fragments, such as F(ab).

Those of skill in the art will readily understand and be able to make such antibody derivatives, as they are well known in the art. The antibodies may be cytotoxic on their own, or they may be used to deliver cytotoxic agents to particular locations in the body. The antibodies can be administered to individuals in need thereof as a form of passive immunization.

Given the success of small molecule protein kinase inhibitors, one can develop specific or non-specific inhibitors of p110α for treatment of the large number of patients with these mutations or cancers generally. It is clearly possible to develop broad-spectrum PI3K inhibitors, as documented by studies of LY294002 and wortmannin (2, 21,22). Our data suggest that the development of more specific inhibitors that target p110α but not other PI3Ks would be worthwhile.

Candidate chemotherapeutic agents can be identified as agents which inhibit p110α activity or expression. Test compounds can be synthetic or naturally occurring. They can be previously identified to have physiological activity or not. Tests on candidate chemotherapeutic agents can be run in cell-free systems or in whole cells. p110α activity can be tested by any means known in the art. These include methods taught in references 2, 22 and in Truitt et al., J. Exp. Med., 179, 1071-1076 (1994). Expression can be monitored by determining PI3KCA protein or mRNA. Antibody methods such as western blotting can be used to determine protein. Northern blotting can be used to measure mRNA. Other methods can be used without limitation. When testing for chemotherapeutic agents, the p110α used in the assay can be a wild-type or an activated form. The activated form may contain a substitution mutation selected from the group consisting of E542K, E545K, Q546K, and H1047R. Moreover, inhibitors can be tested to determine their specificity for either p110α or an activated form of p110α. Comparative tests can be run against similar enzymes including PIK3CB, PIK3CG, PIK3C2A, PIK3C2B, PIK3C2G, PIK3C3, A-TM, ATR, FRAP1, LAT1-3TM,SMG1, PRKDC, and TRRAP to determine the relative specificity for the p110α enzyme.

Once a non-synonymous, intragenic mutation in a PIK3CA coding sequence is identified in a test tissue of a patient, that information can be used to make therapeutic decisions. Patients with such mutations are good candidates for therapy with a p110α inhibitor. Such inhibitors can be specific or general for the family of inhibitors. Such inhibitors include LY294002 and wortmannin. Such inhibitors further include molecules comprising an antibody binding region specific for p110α. Such molecules are discussed above.

Sets of primers for amplifying and/or sequencing PIK3CA can be provided in kits or assembled from components. Useful sets include pairs of forward and reverse primers optionally teamed with sequencing primers. The forward primers are shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 to 158. The reverse primers are shown in SEQ ID NO: 159 to 310. The sequencing primers are shown in: SEQ ID NO: 311 to 461. Pairs or triplets or combinations of these pairs or triplets can be packaged and used together to amplify and/or sequence parts of the PIK3CA gene. Pairs can be packaged in single or divided containers. Instructions for using the primers according to the methods of the present invention can be provided in any medium which is convenient, including paper, electronic, or a world-wide web address.

While the invention has been described with respect to specific examples including presently preferred modes of carrying out the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations and permutations of the above described systems and techniques that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 This Example Demonstrates that the PIK3CA Gene is the Predominant Target of Mutations in this Gene Family

To evaluate whether PI3Ks is genetically implicated in tumorigenesis, we directly examined the DNA sequences of members of this gene family in colorectal cancers.

PI3K catalytic subunits are divided into three major classes depending on their substrate specificity (5). Additionally, a set of more distantly related proteins, including members of the mTOR family, constitute a fourth class (6). We used Hidden Markov models to identify 15 human genes containing kinase domains related to those of known PI3Ks in the human genome (7). These comprised seven PI3Ks, six members of the mTOR subfamily and two uncharacterized PI3K-like genes (Table 1).

TABLE 1 PI3K genes analyzed Celera Genbank Gene name Accession Accession Alternate names Group* PIK3CA hCT1640694 NM_006218 p110-alpha Class IA PIK3CB hCT7084 NM_006219 PIK3C1, p110-beta Class IA PIK3CD hCT2292011 NM_005026 p110-delta Class IA PIK3CG hCT7976 NM_002649 PI3CG, PI3K-gamma Class IB PIK3C2A hCT2270768 NM_002645 CPK, PI3-K-C2A, PI3K-C2alpha Class II PIK3C2B hCT7448 NM_002646 C2-PI3K, PI3K-C2beta Class II PIK3C2G hCT1951422 NM_004570 PI3K-C2-gamma Class II PIK3C3 hCT13660 NM_002647 Vps34 Class III ATM hCT29277 NM_000051 AT1, ATA, ATC, ATD, ATE, ATDC Class IV ATR hCT1951523 NM_001184 FRP1, SCKL, SCKL1 Class IV FRAP1 hCT2292935 NM_004958 FRAP, MTOR, FRAP2, RAFT1, RAPT1 Class IV SMG1 hCT2273636 NM_014006 ATX, LIP, KIAA0421 Class IV PRKDC hCT2257127 NM_006904 p350, DNAPK, DNPK1, HYRC1, XRCC7 Class IV TRRAP hCT32594 NM_003496 TR-AP, PAF400 Class IV none hCT2257641 none Class IV none hCT13051 none Class IV *PI3K genes are grouped into previously described classes (S3, S4). Class I, II and III comprise PI3K catalytic subunits, while class IV comprises PI3K-like genes including members of the mTOR (target of rapamycin), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), and DNAPK (DNA-dependent protein kinase) subfamilies, as well as two previously uncharacterized genes.

We initially examined 111 exons encoding the predicted kinase domains of these genes (Table 2). The exons were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and directly sequenced from genomic DNA of 35 colorectal cancers (8). Only one of the genes (PIK3CA) contained any somatic (i.e., tumor-specific) mutations.

TABLE 2 Primers used for PCR amplification and sequencing Gene and Exon Name Forward Primer¹ Reverse Primer² hCT2270768-Ex21 TTCCAGCCTGGGTAACAAAG CGTCAGAACAAGACCCTGTG hCT2270768-Ex22 CCTGACCTCAGGTGTTCTGC CCCGGCCACTAAGTTATTTTTC hCT2270768-Ex23 TGCACATTCTGCACGTGTATC CTGCCATTAAATGCGTCTTG hCT2270768-Ex24 TCCCAGTTTGTATGCTATTGAGAG CTTTGGGCCTTTTTCATTCC hCT2270768-Ex25 TGGAAATTCAAAAGTGTGTGG TGTCTGGCTTATTTCACACG hCT2270768-Ex26 CACTAATGAACCCCTCAAGACTG AACTTTTGACAGCCTACTATGTGC hCT2270768-Ex 27- 1 TCCTTGGCAAAGTGACAATC GACCATTCATGAAAGAAACAAGC hCT13660-Ex16 CTCTCACATACAACACCATCTCC CCATGTACCGGTAACAAAAGAAG hCT13660-Ex17 ATGTATCTCATTGAAAACCCAAC TGAGCTTTCTAGGATCGTACCTG hCT13660-Ex18 TCCCAAAGTGCTGGGATTAC GCAGGAAGGTCCAACTTGTC hCT13660-Ex19 CCTATGACATAAATGCCAGTACAAAC ATCTTCAACTGCGAACATGC hCT13660-Ex20 TCTTTTGTTCAGTCAGCATCTCTC AAGCATCAATGACTACTTTAATCAAC hCT13660-Ex21 TTGAGAATTCAGATGAGAAACCAG TCCCAAAGTGCTGGGATTAC hCT13660-Ex22 GAAGGCCACTCTCAAACCTG TTGTTGCCTTTGTCATTTTG hCT13660-Ex23 TCAAGGCTTGCATTTCATTG ATGTGACTGTGGGCAGGAAC hCT13660-Ex24 TTCCACACTCCAAAGAATGC GCTGGTGAGATGTCAAAACG hCT13660-Ex 25- 1 AATTGCAATCCTCTTGGTAGC TCAACATATTACTTCCTCCAGAACTC hCT32594-Ex 66- 2 GCCAAGACCAAGCAACTCC TTCTCCCATGTCAGGGAATC hCT32594-Ex 67- 1 ATAAACGACCGCTGGCCTAC GACCCTCAAAGGCTAACGTG hCT32594-Ex 67- 2 GTACATCCGGGGACACAATG TCCCTGGTCAGCACAGACTAC hCT32594-Ex68 ACCGGGTTCTTCCAGCTAAG AGCTGTCTCATTTCCACCATC hCT32594-Ex 69- 1 CAATGCGTGCGTTAAATCTG CGCGTCGTTTATGTCAAATC hCT32594-Ex 69- 2 CCCAATGCCACGGACTAC CGCGTCGTTTATGTCAAATC hCT32594-Ex70 ATCCAGCTGGCTCTGATAGG CATAACACACAGGGGTGCTG hCT32594-Ex71 CTGGTGCTGAAACTCGACTG GAACTGGGCGAGGTTGTG hCT32594-Ex 72- 1 GTCTCGTTCTCTCCCTCACG TCCCTTTCTTACACGCAAAC hCT32594-Ex 72-2 CACAACCTCGCCCAGTTC CAGTTCCGCCTGTACATTCAC hCT7976-Ex5 AGCATCACCCTCAGAGCATAC AGCGCTCCTGCTTTCAGTC hCT7976-Ex6 TGCCATACCTCTTAGGCACTTC GTCTTGGCGCAGATCATCAC hCT7976-Ex7 CGACAGAGCAAGATTCCATC TTTTGTCACCAGTTGAAATGC hCT7976-Ex8 AGATTGCCATCTGAGGAAGG GACTGGGAAAAAGCATGAGC hCT7976-Ex9 GCATGGAGAGGAAGTGAACC CGGTGATCATAATATTGTCATTGTG hCT7976-Ex10 TGGCCAGAGAGTTTGATTTATG GGAAGTGTGGGCTTGTCTTC hCT7976-Ex 11- 1 CCCTCAATCTCTTGGGAAAG TGCACAGTCCATCCTTTGTC hCT7976-Ex 11- 2 TGGTTTCTTCTCATGGACAGG AATGCCAGCTTTCACAATGTC hCT7448-Ex21 GGGTGTCCACACTTCTCAGG GGCCAAGACCACATGGTAAG hCT7448-Ex22 CCGGAAGAAACAATGAGCAG TCCTACATTAAGACAGCATGGAAC hCT7448-Ex23 GGTGTGAGCTGAGTGAGCAG TGCCTCCCTTTTAAGGCTATC hCT7448-Ex24 GTGGGAATGACCTTCCTTTC AGGTCCTTCTGCCAACAAAG hCT7448-Ex25 GGATGAACAGGCAGATGTGAG CGTCTTCTCTCCTCCAATGC hCT7448-Ex26 AGCCCCTTCTATCCAGTGTG GGTATTCAGTTGGGGCTCAG hCT7448-Ex27 TGCCCACAGCATCTGTCTAC TGTATCCACGTGGTCAGCTC hCT7448-Ex 28- 1 ATTGTGTGCCAGTCATTTGC ACAGGACGCTCGGTCAAC hCT1951523-Ex 39- 2 TTCCACATTAAGCATGAGCAC TTGCCATCAGTACAAATGAGTTTAG hCT1951523-Ex40 GACAGTCATTCTTTTCATAGGTCATAG TTCCTGCTTTTTAAGAGTGATCTG hCT1951523-Ex41 CCACATAGTAAGCCTTCAATGAC AGGAAGGAAGGGATGGAAAC hCT1951523-Ex42 TGAAAAATGTTCCTTTATTCTTG AGAAACCACTCATGAAAA hCT1951523-Ex43 TCTGAGAACATTCCCTGATCC CGCATTACTACATGATCCACTG hCT2257127-Ex76 TCAGCTCTCTAATCCTGAACTGC TGTCACAGAAAGCATGAGACC hCT2257127-Ex 77- 1 AGCAGAGAAGAAACATATACCAT AGAAATAACTGTCAATATCCCAGTATCAC hCT2257127-Ex 77- 2 CATTTTGGGAAAGGAGGTTC TCATTAAACATTTAGTAATGTGTGCTC hCT2257127-Ex78 ATTACAGGCGTGAGCCACTG AGGCAACAGGGCAAGACTC hCT2257127-Ex 79- 1 TTTGGCACTGTCTTCAGAGG CCTGAAAGGGAGAATAAAAGG hCT2257127-Ex 79- 2 AGAGGGAACACCCTTTCCTG CCTGAAAGGGAGAATAAAAGG hCT2257127-Ex80 TATAGCGTTGTGCCCATGAC TATTGACCCAGCCAGCAGAC hCT2257127-Ex81 TCCTGCCTCTTTGCTATTTTTCAATG TATATTGAGACTCAAATATCGA hCT2257127-Ex82 TTGCCTCAGAGAGATCATCAAG TGATGCATATCAGAGCGTGAG hCT2257127-Ex 83- 1 TAGGGGCGCTAATCGTACTG TTCAATGACCATGACAAAACG hCT2257127-Ex 83- 2 TCTGATATGCATCAGCCACTG TTCAATGACCATGACAAAACG hCT2257127-Ex84 TGATTTCAAGGGAAGCAGAG TGGTTTTCAAGCAGACAATCC hCT2257127-Ex85 TGTAGAAAGCAAGGCTGCTC TCCTCCTCAATGAAAGCAGAG hCT1951422-Ex19 ACCCCAAAGTCATCCAAGTG CAATGTGATCCCAACTGGTC hCT1951422-Ex20 AAAGGCTCCAGTTGATGGAC TTATTGCCAATTGGAGTTTGG hCT1951422-Ex21 CCATTAAAACCACTCTAAGTCAGG TTCTGTTGGCTTATCATTTTTG hCT1951422-Ex22 AAGCCTCCTCCAGAAAAGAAG CCCAGAAACTAAATAAAATGCAG hCT1951422-Ex23 CCCTCCTGTCCACTGAGATG AATCAAATTTGTTGCATTAAAAATC hCT1951422-Ex24 TCTCAAGCTGCCTCACAATG GTTTTCTCATTCCTTTCTCTTCC hCT1951422-Ex25 AAAGACATTGCCATGCAAAC TTTGGGAAAGGGAACACAAG hCT1951422-Ex26 TTGTTGGGCTCCAAATAAAC GATTTTTCCTTGGAACATCCTC hCT13051-Ex5 CCCTGGAGTGCTTACATGAG CGGGGATCAGATTTGCTATG hCT13051-Ex6 GACTTTATAAACACTCGACATTAGAGC TAGGGGGTCATCCTCAGGTC hCT13051-Ex7 ATGATGACCTCTGGCAGGAC GTCTTCCCCTGCTCAATCAC hCT13051-Ex8 GAATCAACCGTCAGCGTGTC GACACGTTGTGGGCCAGCCAGT hCT13051-Ex9 CTGGCACCGGGGAAAACAGAG CTGCCGGTTATCTTCGGACACGTT hCT2282983-Ex40 TGGACATCGACTACAAGTCTGG TGAGTGAGGGCAGACAGATG hCT2282983-Ex41 TCCTTGGGGTTTTGAAGAAG TGGCACCTGAACCATGTAAG hCT2282983-Ex42 AAGGCCTTCCAGACTCTTGC CGTACATGCCGAAGTCTGTC hCT2282983-Ex43 CCTCTTTGTTTTTCCCTACCG GCCCTGGTTTTAACCCTTAAC hCT2282983-Ex 44- 1 CTTCCACAGTGGGGGTACAG CCAGCTCCAGCTTCTGACTC hCT2282983-Ex 44- 2 GACACAACGGCAACATTATGCTG TTGTGTTTTCTTGGAGACAG hCT2292935-Ex46 CATTCCAAAGCATCTGGTTTTAC CAATGAGCATGGGAGAGATG hCT2292935-Ex47 TTGTGAGGAACGTGTGATTAGG TGGAGTTTCTGGGACTACAGG hCT2292935-Ex48 CTGGGCAACAGAGCAAGAC CCTTCTTCAAAGCTGATTCTCTC hCT2292935-Ex49 TCCCTTCTCCTTTGGCTATG CGCTCTACAGCCAATCACAG hCT2292935-Ex50 ATAGCACCACTGCCTTCCAG TGGCATCACAATCAATAGGG hCT2292935-Ex51 TGCAGAAGTGGAGGTGGAG CTCCAAGGGGGTTAGAGTCC hCT2292935-Ex52 AACCCAAGCTGCTTCCTTTC CAGGAAACCAGGTCAGAAGTG hCT2292935-Ex53 AGTCCTGCCCTGATTCCTTC TTTTTGCAGAAAGGGGTCTTAC hCT2292935-Ex54 CCCACCCACTTATTCCTGAG GCCCACCCCACTCTAGAAAC hCT2292935-Ex55 TTTCCCCTTTAGGGTAGGTAGG TGGAACCTTTTCTGCTCAAAG hCT2292935-Ex56 CGGACATAGAGGAAGGATTGC AGCTGCATGGTGCCAAAG hCT2292935-Ex57 TGGCCAAACTTTTCAAATCC ATAACAATGGGCACATGCAG hCT2292935-Ex 58- 1 TGGGAGAGCTCAGGGAATAC GGTCATTCTTCCATCAGCAAG hCT2273636-Ex 35- 1 TCCCAAAGTGCTGGGATTAC CACACCCACACTCACACAAAG hCT2273636-Ex 35- 2 TTGGCTGCCATGACTAACAC GGCACTGCAGGCTAATAATG hCT2273636-Ex 36- 1 GCTCTCAGTGTGCCTCATGG GGGACCTCAAGTCTTTTCCTTC hCT2273636-Ex 36- 2 AAGAAACACCCCGGTTCC GGGACCTCAAGTCTTTTCCTTC hCT2273636-Ex 37- 1 AAATTTAGTTGAGTAATGAGAGAATGC GGAAGGGAAGGAGGACAAAC hCT2273636-Ex 37- 2 GTAAAATTGGCCCTGCTTTG CGTCTCAAACTACCAAGTCTGG hCT2273636-Ex38 CATAACCACATGCAGCAACC CACCCAGTGCTGTTTCAATG hCT2273636-Ex39 AATTGGCCTTGGAGACAGAC CGCCGCATAATGTGTAAAAC hCT2273636-Ex 40- 1 TTCATGTGAGCAGGTATGCTG TGCCATATTTAACTGCCATTTC hCT2273636-Ex 40- 2 TTGTGTACGACCCTCTGGTG TGCCATATTTAACTGCCATTTC hCT2273636-Ex41 TTTGTACAGTGGAGGCAACG GCAGTCACTGAGACAGCTTTTATC hCT7084-Ex17 CAGCTGGTTATGTGTGTTTATGG TAAGCATAGCCTCGGAGAAC hCT7084-Ex18 TGTCCTCATGGTTGCTTTTC GGACCATTAATAGCTACCTTCCTG hCT7084-Ex19 CAGGGACATGCTATCCAAAG AGGCAAGACAACATATTTGAAAG hCT7084-Ex20 TGGTGGAACTTGTGTTTTTCC AAGGGCTATGTGTCATTTTGTTC hCT7084-Ex21 TCATACGGTTTTGGCAGCTC CATCAAGCAAGCAAACAAATG hCT7084-Ex22 ACAGAGGGAGAAGGGCTCAG AATTCCCCCAAAAGCTTCC hCT7084-Ex23 TGGGACAATTTTCGCAGAAG TTCCCTCCTGGCTAAGAACC hCT7084-Ex 24- 1 ATGAAGCATGCTGCCTGATG AAAAGCAGAGGGAATCATCG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 56 GGGGGCCTTTAGAAGGAAG TCCCATTCATGACCTGGAAG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 57 TGGAGTTCCTGAGAAATGAGC GGCCCGCTTTAAGAGATCAG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 58 AGAGGGAACACCCTTTCCTG CATGCCCAAAGTCGATCC hCT2257641-Ex 1- 59 CATGATGTTGGAGCTTACATGC ACACATCCATGGTGTTGGTG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 60 CGGGATTGGAGACAGACATC TGCCACAGCCACATAGTCTC hCT2257641-Ex 1- 61 CATCATGGTACACGCACTCC TTCTATCTGCAGACTCCCACAG hCT29277-Ex55 CTCAATCAGAGCCTGAACCAC GGAAAAGAAAGCAGGAGAAGC hCT29277-Ex56 CCCGGCCTAAAGTTGTAGTTC AAATGGAGAAAAGCCTGGTTC hCT29277-Ex57 TGGGAGACTGTCAAGAGGTG AAGCAATCCTCCCACCTTG hCT29277-Ex58 TTCCTCCAAGGAGCTTTGTC CCTTCCTTTTTCACTCACACAC hCT29277-Ex59 TTCCCTGTCCAGACTGTTAGC TGATTTAATAATGAAGATGGGTTGG hCT29277-Ex60 CCGGTTATGCACATCATTTAAG ACTCAGTACCCCAGGCAGAG hCT29277-Ex61 GCAGCCAGAGCAGAAGTAAAC TCAAACTCCTGGGCTCAAAC hCT29277-Ex62 TCTAATGAAAGCCCACTCTGC CAGCCACATCCCCCTATG hCT29277-Ex63 AAGTGTGCATGATGTTTGTTCC TGCCTTCTTCCACTCCTTTC hCT29277-Ex 64- 1 GATGACCAAGAATGCAAACG AAGAGTGAAAGCAGAGATGTTCC NM_005026 Ex17 ATCATCTTTAAGAACGGGGATGG ACTAAGCCTCAGGAGCAGCCT NM_005026 Ex18 CCTCAGATGCTGGTGCCG GATACTTGGGGAAGAGAGACCTACC NM_005026 Ex19 TCTTCATGCCTTGGCTCTGG GAGGGGAGAGGAGGGGGAG NM_005026 Ex20 TCCGAGAGAGTGGGCAGGTA CACAAACCTGCCCACATTGC NM_005026 Ex21 GGGCAGGTTTGTGGGTCAT CCTGGGCGGCTCAACTCT NM_005026 Ex22 GGAACTGGGGGCTCTGGG AGGCGTTTCCGTTTATGGC hCT1640694-Ex 1- 1 GTTTCTGCTTTGGGACAACCAT CTGCTTCTTGAGTAACACTTACG hCT1640694-Ex 1- 2 CTCCACGACCATCATCAGG GATTACGAAGGTATTGGTTTAGACAG hCT1640694-Ex 1- 3 CCCCCTCCATCAACTTCTTC GGTGTTAAAAATAGTTCCATAGTTCG hCT1640694-Ex 2- 1 TCATCAAAAATTTGTTTTAACCTAGC TATAAGCAGTCCCTGCCTTC hCT1640694-Ex 2- 2 TTCTGAACGTTTGTAAAGAAGCTG TATAAGCAGTCCCTGCCTTC hCT1640694-Ex 3- 1 GCAGCCCGCTCAGATATAAAC CTGGGCGAGAGTGAGATTCC hCT1640694-Ex 3- 2 TCTGAAAATCAACCATGACTGTG ATGAACCCAGGAGGCAGAG hCT1640694-Ex 4- 1 TCTTGTGCTTCAACGTAAATCC CGGAGATTTGGATGTTCTCC hCT1640694-Ex 4- 2 TCTCAACTGCCAATGGACTG CGGAGATTTGGATGTTCTCC hCT1640694-Ex5 TAGTGGATGAAGGCAGCAAC TTTGTAGAAATGGGGTCTTGC hCT1640694-Ex6 TGCCTTTTCCAATCAATCTC AATTCCTGAAGCTCTCCCAAG hCT1640694-Ex7 GGGGAAAAAGGAAAGAATGG TGCTGAACCAGTCAAACTCC hCT1640694-Ex8 TTTGCTGAACCCTATTGGTG TTGCAATATTGGTCCTAGAGTTC hCT1640694-Ex9 GATTGGTTCTTTCCTGTCTCTG CCACAAATATCAATTTACAACCATTG hCT1640694-Ex10 ACCTTTTGAACAGCATGCAA TGGAAATAATGTTAAGGGTGTTTTT hCT1640694-Ex11 AAAACACCCTTAACATTATTTCCATAG TCTGCATGGCCGATCTAAAG hCT1640694-Ex12 TTTATTCTAGATCCATACAACTTCCTTT AAAGTTGAGAAGCTCATCACTGGTAC hCT1640694-Ex13 CTGAAACTCATGGTGGTTTTG TGGTTCCAAATCCTAATCTGC hCT1640694-Ex14 GAGTGTTGCTGCTCTGTGTTG TTGAGGGTAGGAGAATGAGAGAG hCT1640694-Ex15 GGATTCCTAAATAAAAATTGAGGTG CATGCATATTTCAAAGGTCAAG hCT1640694-Ex16 TTGCTTTCCTGAAGTTTCTTTTG TCAAGTAAGAGGAGGATATGTCAAAG hCT1640694-Ex17 GGGGAAAGGCAGTAAAGGTC CATCAAATATTTCAAAGGTTGAGC hCT1640694-Ex18 TCCTTATTCGTTGTCAGTGATTG GTCAAAACAAATGGCACACG hCT1640694-Ex19 CATGGTGAAAGACGATGGAC TTACAGGCATGAACCACCAC hCT1640694-Ex 20- 1 TGGGGTAAAGGGAATCAAAAG CCTATGCAATCGGTCTTTGC hCT1640694-Ex 20- 2 TTGCATACATTCGAAAGACC GGGGATTTTTGTTTTGTTTTG Gene and Exon Name Sequencing Primer³ hCT2270768-Ex21 AAAGGGGAAATGCGTAGGAC hCT2270768-Ex22 TCCCAAAGTGCTGGGATTAC hCT2270768-Ex23 CCAGAACTTAAAGTGAAATTTAAAAAG hCT2270768-Ex24 GCGAGGCAAAACACAAAGC hCT2270768-Ex25 TTGGAAATGGCTGTACCTCAG hCT2270768-Ex26 TACTTGAGCAGCCCACAGG hCT2270768-Ex 27- 1 AAAGGAATGAAAGTGGTTTTTGTC hCT13660-Ex16 TGCAATGTAATAGTTTTCCAAGG hCT13660-Ex17 CAGCAAATGAACTAAGCCACAG hCT13660-Ex18 TGCTATACTATTTGCCCACAAAAC hCT13660-Ex19 GAATGCATTTATTCAGAGATGAGG hCT13660-Ex20 TGCTAGACACTTGCTGGTCAC hCT13660-Ex21 TTGATATTAAAGTTGCACAAACTGC hCT13660-Ex22 TCAATTGTGTGACATATCACCTACC hCT13660-Ex23 TCACTGTAGAAATCCAAGTACCAC hCT13660-Ex24 TCTGCATCAGTTTGATTCTGC hCT13660-Ex 25- 1 AATGCACTTTTTATTTTATTAG hCT32594-Ex 66- 2 GAAAAGTGCCGGTTCTTGAG hCT32594-Ex 67- 1 GCCTACACAGTCCGTTTTCC hCT32594-Ex 67- 2 AGAGGAGCGTGTGTTGCAG hCT32594-Ex68 ACTCTGACGGTGGAGCTGAG hCT32594-Ex 69- 1 GCTCTTGGTGCTAAGTTAAAGAGG hCT32594-Ex 69- 2 ATCCAGCTGGCTCTGATAGG hCT32594-Ex70 TGAACAGCCAGATCCTCTCC hCT32594-Ex71 GTCCCACCTTGTTAGGAAGC hCT32594-Ex 72- 1 TGGCATTCTGAAAACGGTTC hCT32594-Ex 72-2 GCAAACAGCCTGGACAATC hCT7976-Ex5 CACATATTTCTGTCCCCTGTTG hCT7976-Ex6 TGTGGTTCTTTGGAGCACAG hCT7976-Ex7 CCAAGGTACATTTCGGAAAAC hCT7976-Ex8 ACCAGCCCTTTCCTCTTGTC hCT7976-Ex9 TTCTTCCTCATGCCATTGTG hCT7976-Ex10 GTGGCATCTGGCTGTCATC hCT7976-Ex 11- 1 CAATTAGTTTTCCTTGAGCACTCC hCT7976-Ex 11- 2 TCTTCTTTATCCAGGACATCTGTG hCT7448-Ex21 CCTGGGAGAGGTCTGGTTC hCT7448-Ex22 GGCAGCATCTTGGTCTGAAG hCT7448-Ex23 GAGCACTTGGGAGACCTGAG hCT7448-Ex24 AGGGAAGCATGAGCACAGTC hCT7448-Ex25 TGAGTTCTGTCTGGCTGTGG hCT7448-Ex26 TGATGAGGGATGAGGGAAAC hCT7448-Ex27 AGGGTTAGGGAGCCTAGCTG hCT7448-Ex 28- 1 TCCTTGGAACACCCCTGTC hCT1951523-Ex 39- 2 CAGTCATGATACCTACACTTCCATC hCT1951523-Ex40 CAACTCTGAAATAAAAGCAATCTGG hCT1951523-Ex41 TTCTTTGGTTATGAAATGAACAATC hCT1951523-Ex42 TTGAATAAAAGTAGATGTTTCTTGTCC hCT1951523-Ex43 TACCAAGAATATAATACGTTGTTATGG hCT2257127-Ex76 CGGCTTCTGGCACATAAAAC hCT2257127-Ex 77- 1 CCATTGAGCACTCCATTCATTAC hCT2257127-Ex 77- 2 CCCTGGGAATCTGAAAGAATG hCT2257127-Ex78 TGGGCCGTTGTCTCATATAC hCT2257127-Ex 79- 1 CACTCTGGCTTTTCCCTCTG hCT2257127-Ex 79- 2 AGGTCATGAATGGGATCCTG hCT2257127-Ex80 CATATTGCTTGGCGTCCAC hCT2257127-Ex81 TCTTGGTGATCTTTGCCTTTG hCT2257127-Ex82 TCATCAAGATTATTCGATATTTGAGTC hCT2257127-Ex 83- 1 CGAGAAAGTAAAGTGCCTGCTG hCT2257127-Ex 83- 2 CGGGATTGGAGACAGACATC hCT2257127-Ex84 GAGGATGCTGCCATTTGTG hCT2257127-Ex85 CATGCTAACAGAGTGTCAAGAGC hCT1951422-Ex19 CGAATTCTTTTTGCCATTTC hCT1951422-Ex20 AAAGTCTGCAAGGGGCTATG hCT1951422-Ex21 TCAGGCTAGAAATGTATCCAAGG hCT1951422-Ex22 AAAGGAAAGGGGTAATCCAG hCT1951422-Ex23 TTTACTTTTTATGATTACCTCTGATGC hCT1951422-Ex24 AAAGAAAATTCAAATGAAAATAAGTCG hCT1951422-Ex25 CATGCAAACTTGGGTCTAGATG hCT1951422-Ex26 TTGGCTTTTTCCCCTCATAC hCT13051-Ex5 TAAAGCCTTTCCCAGCTCAG hCT13051-Ex6 CCTGCTGCTTCCACAGGAC hCT13051-Ex7 CATGGACGTCCTGTGGAAG hCT13051-Ex8 GTGTCCCATTCATCCTCACC hCT13051-Ex9 AACAGAGGAGGCGCTGAAG hCT2282983-Ex40 GCCTCACCCTACCCATCC hCT2282983-Ex41 AGATTGCTGGGGTTCCTTTC hCT2282983-Ex42 CCACCTCACTCCATCTCTGG hCT2282983-Ex43 TGGGGTAAGTTCCCTGAGTG hCT2282983-Ex 44- 1 TACAGAGCCAGGGAGAGTGC hCT2282983-Ex 44- 2 TATCATCCACATCGGTCAGC hCT2292935-Ex46 TTTGGGACAAGTAATTGTTATTAGC hCT2292935-Ex47 TTGAATGCAGTGGTGCTCTC hCT2292935-Ex48 TCTGCCTGTGTTCTGAGCTG hCT2292935-Ex49 GAACTCAGCTCTGCCTGGAC hCT2292935-Ex50 GCGAGACTCGGTCTCAAAAG hCT2292935-Ex51 ATCGTTTGCCAACTCCTAGC hCT2292935-Ex52 AATCAGTGCAGGTGATGCAG hCT2292935-Ex53 ACATGGCCTGTGTCTGCTTC hCT2292935-Ex54 GACTGGAAGAAAATAACCAAGTTTC hCT2292935-Ex55 GGCAGGCGTTAAAGGAATAG hCT2292935-Ex56 AAAAACAGGGCACCCATTG hCT2292935-Ex57 TTAAGCCCACAGGGAACAAG hCT2292935-Ex 58- 1 TGTCAGACCTTGGCCTTTTC hCT2273636-Ex 35- 1 TCTTCTGAAAAATGGAGGAAGTC hCT2273636-Ex 35- 2 GCTCTTCCTGGGGAAGTCTC hCT2273636-Ex 36- 1 CAGTTTTTGACTGCCACTGC hCT2273636-Ex 36- 2 TCCATGCTCGACACTATTCTG hCT2273636-Ex 37- 1 TTCTACTTTACATACAAAAGGCACTC hCT2273636-Ex 37- 2 AGTTGGGCTTAGCCTGGATG hCT2273636-Ex38 AGTATCACGTCCATGTTGGAG hCT2273636-Ex39 CAATGTTTGCTTTGAAAAAGG hCT2273636-Ex 40- 1 TGAGCAAAACCTGTGGAATG hCT2273636-Ex 40- 2 TTTGCTGGTGCTGTCTATGG hCT2273636-Ex41 GGATGTGCAAAATGTTCTTCTG hCT7084-Ex17 GGGAGCAGGTGTTATTGATTG hCT7084-Ex18 GGTGAGGAGTTTTCCCAAGC hCT7084-Ex19 AGCACAGAGTTTGTTAATGTTTTTAG hCT7084-Ex20 GCTGACTTCTATTGGGAGCATAC hCT7084-Ex21 CAGAGGTATGGTTTGGGTCTC hCT7084-Ex22 TGGGGGTCTAGGACTATGGAG hCT7084-Ex23 GCTGTGTTTTCTTAATTTCCTGTATG hCT7084-Ex 24- 1 CAGCCTCCTGCAGACTTTG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 56 CATTTTGGGAAAGGAGGTTC hCT2257641-Ex 1- 57 CGGTCAGTATGACGGTAGGG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 58 AGGTCATGAATGGGATCCTG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 59 GGCGCTAATCGTACTGAAAC hCT2257641-Ex 1- 60 TATGGTGGCCATGGAGACTG hCT2257641-Ex 1- 61 AGGAGCCCTCCTTTGATTG hCT29277-Ex55 GGCCAGTGGTATCTGCTGAC hCT29277-Ex56 AAGACAAAATCCCAAATAAAGCAG hCT29277-Ex57 ATTGGTTTGAGTGCCCTTTG hCT29277-Ex58 AAAATGCTTTGCACTGACTCTG hCT29277-Ex59 TTCATCTTTATTGCCCCTATATCTG hCT29277-Ex60 TTAAAGATTATACCAAGTCAGTGGTC hCT29277-Ex61 CATGTGGTTTCTTGCCTTTG hCT29277-Ex62 AAGCATAGGCTCAGCATACTACAC hCT29277-Ex63 CCCATCAACTACCATGTGACTG hCT29277-Ex 64- 1 GGTCCTGTTGTCAGTTTTTCAG NM_005026 Ex17 GGTCCTGGGGTGCTCCTAGA NM_005026 Ex18 TCCTCAACTGAGCCAAGTAGCC NM_005026 Ex19 TGTGTCCTCCATGTTCTGTTGG NM_005026 Ex20 TGGCCCCTCTGCCTAGCA NM_005026 Ex21 CCACTGCTGGGTCCTGGG NM_005026 Ex22 GAATAGAGAGCTTTTCCTGAGATGC hCT1640694-Ex 1- 1 GATTCATCTTGAAGAAGTTGATGG hCT1640694-Ex 1- 2 ACTTGATGCCCCCAAGAATC hCT1640694-Ex 1- 3 CTCAAGAAGCAGAAAGGGAAG hCT1640694-Ex 2- 1 TCTACAGAGTTCCCTGTTTGC hCT1640694-Ex 2- 2 GCTGTGGATCTTAGGGACCTC hCT1640694-Ex 3- 1 AAAAAGCATTTCTGATATGGATAAAG hCT1640694-Ex 3- 2 TCGAAGTATGTTGCTATCCTCTG hCT1640694-Ex 4- 1 AAAATAATAAGCATCAGCATTTGAC hCT1640694-Ex 4- 2 TTATTCCAGACGCATTTCCAC hCT1640694-Ex5 TTTGAGTCTATCGAGTGTGTGC hCT1640694-Ex6 TTCCTGTTTTTCGTTTGGTTG hCT1640694-Ex7 TGAATTTTCCTTTTGGGGAAG hCT1640694-Ex8 TGGATCAAATCCAAATAAAGTAAGG hCT1640694-Ex9 TTGCTTTTTCTGTAAATCATCTGTG hCT1640694-Ex10 TATTTCATTTATTTATGTGGAC hCT1640694-Ex11 GAAGTTAAGGCAGTGTTTTAGATGG hCT1640694-Ex12 ACCAGTAATATCCACTTTCTTTCTG hCT1640694-Ex13 TTTATTGGATTTCAAAAATGAGTG hCT1640694-Ex14 TCTCATGTGAGAAAGAGATTAGCAG hCT1640694-Ex15 TGGCTTTCAGTAGTTTTCATGG hCT1640694-Ex16 CATGTGATGGCGTGATCC hCT1640694-Ex17 AGGAATACACAAACACCGACAG hCT1640694-Ex18 TGCACCCTGTTTTCTTTTCTC hCT1640694-Ex19 TGGACAAGTAATGGTTTTCTCTG hCT1640694-Ex 20- 1 TGACATTTGAGCAAAGACCTG hCT1640694-Ex 20- 2 TTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTTT ¹SEQ ID NO: 6 to 165 (forward primers) ²SEQ ID NO: 166 to 325 (reverse primers) ³SEQ ID NO: 326 to 485 (sequencing primers)

Example 2 This Example Demonstrates the Striking Clustering of Mutations Within the PIK3CA Gene

All coding exons of PIK3CA were then analyzed in an additional 199 colorectal cancers, revealing mutations in a total of 74 tumors (32%) (Table 3 and examples in FIG. 1).

TABLE 3 PIK3CA mutations in human cancers PIK3CA mutations* Tumor type^(#) Functional Medullo- Exon Nucleotide Amino acid domain Colon GBM Gastric Breast Lung Pancreas blastomas Adenomas Total Exon 1 C112T R38C p85 1 1 Exon 1 G113A R38H p85 2 2 Exon 1 G263A R88Q p85 1 1 Exon 1 C311G P104R p85 1 1 Exon 1 G317T G106V p85 1 1 Exon 1 G323C R108P p85 1 1 Exon 1 del332-334 delK111 1 1 Exon 2 G353A G118D 1 1 Exon 2 G365A G122D 1 1 Exon 2 C370A P124T 1 1 Exon 4 T1035A N345K C2 1 1 Exon 4 G1048C D350H C2 1 1 Exon 5 T1132C C378R C2 1 1 Exon 7 T1258C C420R C2 2 2 Exon 7 G1357C E453Q C2 1 1 Exon 9 C1616G P539R Helical 1 1 Exon 9 G1624A E542K Helical 9 1 10 Exon 9 A1625G E542G Helical 1 1 Exon 9 A1625T E542V Helical 1 1 Exon 9 G1633A E545K Helical 21 1 22 Exon 9 A1634G E545G Helical 1 1 Exon 9 G1635T E545D Helical 1 1 Exon 9 C1636A Q546K Helical 5 5 Exon 9 A1637C Q546P Helical 1 1 Exon 12 C1981A Q661K Helical 1 1 Exon 13 A2102C H701P Helical 1 1 Exon 18 G2702T C901F Kinase 1 1 2 Exon 18 T2725C F909L Kinase 1 1 Exon 20 T3022C S1008P Kinase 1 1 Exon 20 A3073G T1025A Kinase 1 1 Exon 20 C3074A T1025N Kinase 1 1 Exon 20 G3129T M1043I Kinase 2 2 Exon 20 C3139T H1047Y Kinase 2 2 Exon 20 A3140G H1047R Kinase 15 2 1 18 Exon 20 A3140T H1047L Kinase 1 1 Exon 20 G3145A G1049S Kinase 1 1 Tumors with mutations 74 4 3 1 1 0 0 2 No. samples screened 234 15 12 12 24 11 12 76 Percent of tumors with mutations 32% 27% 25% 8% 4% 0% 0% 3% *Exon number with nucleotide and amino acid change resulting from mutation. Nucleotide position refers to position within coding sequence, where position 1 corresponds to the first position of the start codon. Functional domains are described in FIG. 1 legend. ^(#)Number of non-synonymous mutations observed in indicated tumors. Colon, colorectal cancers; GBM, glioblastomas; gastric, gastric cancers; breast, breast cancers; lung, lung cancers; pancreas, pancreatic cancers; medulloblastomas; adenomas, benign colorectal tumors. All mutations listed were shown to be somatic except for five colorectal cancers and one glioblastoma where no corresponding normal tissue was available. Mutations were identified in 58 of 201 mismatch repair (MMR) proficient colorectal cancers, and 16 of 33 MMR-deficient colorectal cancers. Some tumors with PIK3CA mutations contained mutations in KRAS or BRAF while others did not, suggesting that these genes operate through independent pathways. Seven tumors contained two somatic alterations. In addition to the 92 nonsynonymous mutations recorded in the table, we detected 3 synonymous alterations.

Example 3 This Example Demonstrates that the Mutations in PIK3CA Occur Late in Tumorigenesis

To determine the timing of PIK3CA mutations during neoplastic progression, we evaluated 76 pre-malignant colorectal tumors of various size and degree of dysplasia. Only two PIK3CA mutations were found (E542K and E542V), both in very advanced adenomas greater than 5 cm in diameter and of tubuluvillous type. These data suggest that PIK3CA abnormalities occur at relatively late stages of neoplasia, near the time that tumors begin to invade and metastasize.

Example 4 This Example Demonstrates that PIK3CA Mutations in a Variety of Different Cancer Types

We then evaluated PIK3CA for genetic alterations in other tumor types (Table 1). Mutations were identified in four of fifteen (27%) glioblastomas, three of twelve (25%) gastric cancers, one of thirteen (8%) breast, and one of twenty four (4%) lung cancers. No mutations were observed in eleven pancreatic cancers or twelve medulloblastomas. In total, 89 mutations were observed, all but 3 of which were heterozygous.

Example 5 This Example Demonstrates the Non-Random Nature of the Genetic Alterations Observed

The sheer number of mutations observed in PIK3CA in five different cancer types strongly suggests that these mutations are functionally important. This conclusion is buttressed by two additional independent lines of evidence. First, analysis of the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations is a good measure of selection during tumor progression, as silent alterations are unlikely to exert a growth advantage. The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations in PIK3CA was 89 to 2, far higher than the 2:1 ratio expected by chance (P<1×10⁻⁴). Second, the prevalence of non-synonymous changes located in the PI3K catalytic and accessory domains was ˜120 per Mb tumor DNA, over 100 times higher than the background mutation frequency of nonfunctional alterations observed in the genome of cancer cells (P<1×10⁻⁴) (9).

Although the effect of these mutations on kinase function has not yet been experimentally tested, their positions and nature within PIK3CA imply that they are likely to be activating. No truncating mutations were observed and >75% of alterations occurred in two small clusters in exons 9 and 20 (Table 2 and FIG. 1). The affected residues within these clusters are highly conserved evolutionarily, retaining identity in mouse, rat, and chicken. The clustering of somatic missense mutations in specific domains is similar to that observed for activating mutations in other oncogenes, such as RAS (10), BRAF (11, 12), β-catenin (13), and members of the tyrosine kinome (14).

These genetic data suggest that mutant PIK3CA is likely to function as an oncogene in human cancers.

Example 6 This Example Demonstrates that Gene Amplification of PIK3CA is Not Common

Quantitative PCR analysis of PIK3CA in 96 colorectal cancers showed no evidence of gene amplification, suggesting that gene copy alterations are not a significant mechanism of activation in this tumor type. The primers used were:

Real time PI3K hCT1640694 20-1F (intron) (SEQ ID NO: 486) TTACTTATAGGTTTCAGGAGATGTGTT; and Real time PI3K hCT1640694 20-1R (SEQ ID NO: 487) GGGTCTTTCGAATGTATGCAATG

The Sequence Listing appended to the end of this application contains the following sequences:

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 1=coding sequence only (nt 13 to 3201 of SEQ ID NO:         2)     -   SEQ ID NO: 2=mRNA sequence (NM_006218)     -   SEQ ID NO: 3=protein sequence (NP_006209)     -   SEQ ID NO: 4=exon 9     -   SEQ ID NO: 5=exon 20     -   SEQ ID NO: 6 to 165=forward primers     -   SEQ ID NO: 166 to 325=reverse primers     -   SEQ ID NO: 326 to 485=sequencing primers     -   SEQ ID NO: 486 and 487 amplification primers

REFERENCES AND NOTES

1. R. Katso et al., Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 17, 615-75 (2001).

2. I. Vivanco, C. L. Sawyers, Nat Rev Cancer 2, 489-501 (July, 2002).

3. W. A. Phillips, F. St Clair, A. D. Munday, R. J. Thomas, C. A. Mitchell, Cancer 83, 41-7 (Jul. 1, 1998).

4. E. S. Gershtein, V. A. Shatskaya, V. D. Ermilova, N. E. Kushlinsky, M. A. Krasil'nikov, Clin Chim Acta 287, 59-67 (September, 1999).

5. B. Vanhaesebroeck, M. D. Waterfield, Exp Cell Res 253, 239-54 (Nov. 25, 1999).

6. S. Djordjevic, P. C. Driscoll, Trends Biochem Sci 27, 426-32 (August, 2002).

7. Catalytic subunits of PI3Ks were identified by analysis of InterPro (IPR) PI3K domains (IPR000403) present within the Celera draft human genome sequence. This resulted in identification of 15 PI3Ks and related PI3K genes. The kinase domain of PIK3CD gene was not represented in the current draft of human genome sequence and was therefore not included in this study.

8. Sequences for all annotated exons and adjacent intronic sequences containing the kinase domain of identified PI3Ks were extracted from the Celera draft human genome sequence (URL address: www host server, domain name celera.com). Celera and Genbank accession numbers of all analyzed genes are available in Table 1. Primers for PCR amplification and sequencing were designed using the Primer 3 program (URL address: http file type, www-genome.wi.mit.edu host server, cgi-bin domain name, primer directory, primer3_www.cgi subdirectory), and were synthesized by MWG (High Point, N.C.) or IDT (Coralville, Iowa). PCR amplification and sequencing were performed on tumor DNA from early passage cell lines or primary tumors as previously described (12) using a 384 capillary automated sequencing apparatus (Spectrumedix, State College, Pa.). Sequence traces were assembled and analyzed to identify potential genomic alterations using the Mutation Explorer software package (SoftGenetics, State College, Pa.). Of the exons extracted, 96% were successfully analyzed. Sequences of all primers used for PCR amplification and sequencing are provided in Table 51.

9. T. L. Wang et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 3076-80. (2002).

10. J. L. Bos et al., Nature 327, 293-7 (1987).

11. H. Davies et al., Nature (Jun. 9, 2002).

12. H. Rajagopalan et al., Nature 418, 934. (2002).

13. P. J. Morin et al., Science 275, 1787-90 (1997).

14. A. Bardelli et al., Science 300, 949 (May 9, 2003).

15. J. Li et al., Science 275, 1943-7 (1997).

16. P. A. Steck et al., Nat Genet 15, 356-62 (1997).

17. T. Maehama, J. E. Dixon, J Biol Chem 273, 13375-8 (May 29, 1998).

18. M. P. Myers et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 13513-8 (Nov. 10, 1998).

19. L. Shayesteh et al., Nat Genet 21, 99-102 (January, 1999).

20. J. Q. Cheng et cll., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 9267-71 (Oct. 1, 1992).

21. L. Hu, J. Hofmann, Y. Lu, G. B. Mills, R. B. Jaffe, Cancer Res 62, 1087-92 (Feb. 15, 2002).

22. J. Luo, B. D. Manning, L. C. Cantley, Cancer Cell 4, 257-62 (2003). 

1-39. (canceled)
 40. A method for detecting the presence of a PIK3CA mutation in a subject, comprising: amplifying DNA in a body sample obtained from the subject with amplification primers to obtain an amplicon, wherein the DNA comprises a PIK3CA polynucleotide comprising at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of: C112T, G113A, G263A, C311G, G317T, G323C, del332-334, G353A, G365A, C370A, T1035A, G1048C, T1132C, T1258C, G1357C, C1616G, G1624A, A1625G, A1625T, G1633A, A1634G, G1635T, C1636A, A1637C, C1981A, A2102C, G2702T, T2725C, T3022C, A3073G, C3074A, G3129T, C3139T, A3140G, A3140T, and G3145A as compared to a wild type PIK3CA polynucleotide, the wild type PIK3CA polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO.1; and sequencing the amplicon produced in the amplifying step to detect the presence of the at least one mutation in the PIK3CA polynucleotide, wherein the presence of the at least one mutation in the PIK3CA polynucleotide indicates the presence of the PIK3CA mutation in a subject.
 42. The method according to claim 40, wherein the body sample is obtained from a tissue.
 43. The method according to claim 40, wherein the body sample is a colorectal tissue, a brain tissue, a gastric tissue, a breast tissue, a lung tissue, blood, sputum, saliva, urine, stool or nipple aspirate.
 44. The method according to claim 40, wherein the body sample comprises blood, serum, or plasma.
 45. The method according to claim 40, wherein the subject is a cancer patient.
 46. The method according to claim 40, wherein the subject has a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, medulloblastoma, and adenoma.
 47. The method according to claim 40, wherein the amplifying step is performed using a thermal cycler.
 48. The method according to claim 40, wherein the sequencing step is performed using a sequencer.
 49. The method according to claim 40, wherein the step of sequencing is performed using a sequencing primer.
 50. The method according to claim 40, wherein sequence information of the amplicon obtained from the sequencing step is compared to the sequence of the wild type PIK3CA polynucleotide to determine the presence of said at least one mutation in the PIK3CA polynucleotide. 